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Amino Acid Support

Amino Acid Support provides a balanced formula of 15 L-crystalline amino acids, synergistic vitamins, minerals and nutrients. Dietary support for poor protein digestion and utilization, low protein diets, and for those with special needs – such as athletes, environmentally or immune challenged, sugar imbalances, and additional stress factors. Requires no preliminary digestion. s

Ingredients:

Vitamin C (as absorbed palmitate)  7 mg
Vitamin B-6 (as phyridoxal 5- phosphate)  1mg
Chromium (as chromium picolinate)  50 mcg
5 hydoxtryptophan  5 mg
Alpha Ketoglutaric Acid  50mg

PROPRIETARY BLEND AMINO ACIDS - 630 mg :

1. L- Leucine
2. L-Valine
3. L-Isoleucine
4. L-Lysine (as L-Lysine HCL)
5. L-Glutamine
6. L-Alanine
7. L-Phenylalanine
8. L-Arginine
9. L-Histidine
10. L-Methionine
11. L-Tyrosine
12. L-Cysteine
13. L-Glycine
14. L-Threonine
15. L-Serine

OTHER INGREDIENTS:

16. Vitamin C (Ascorbyl Palmitate)
17. Vitamin B-6 (pyridoxal 5'-phosphate)
18. Chromium (Chromium Picolinate)
19. 5 Hydoxytryptophan
20. Alpha Ketoglutaric Acid

Amino acids are the building-blocks of proteins. Amino acids are the "building-blocks" of proteins, however, it is not dietary proteins that make up the human body. The body uses amino acids to build the proteins that it requires. Dietary proteins are broken down into amino acids, then 'reconstructed' into the specific proteins necessary for body structure, function or biochemistry. The body requires 22 dietary amino acids in specific combinations to make human proteins, therefore, it is amino acids, not dietary proteins that are essential nutrients. In order for your body to correctly synthesize and metabolize proteins, all of the essential amino acids must be available.

There are two kinds of amino acids: non-essential and essential:

1. Non-essential. The body can manufacture non-essential amino acids, provided the substrates are available from the diet or nutritional supplements. The non-essential amino acids in this formula are: L-Alanine, L-Arginine, L-Cysteine, L-Glutamine, L-Glycine, L-Serine, and L-Tyrosine.

2. Essential. The body cannot make essential amino acids, therefore, they must be obtained from the diet or nutritional supplements. The essential amino acids in this formula are: L-Histidine, L- Leucine, L-Isoleucine, L-Valine, L-Lysine, L-Methionine, L-Phenylalanine, and L-Threonine.

There are different types of amino acids:

1. L- means ‘levo’, or Latin for “left”. L- amino acids are those found in animal and plants, and have been shown to be more beneficial for correcting human biochemistry.

2. D- means ‘dextro’, or Latin for “right”. D- amino acids are the mirror image of L- amino acids.
In most literature, total protein intake and amino acid intake are considered the same thing, however, research has shown that deficiencies in specific amino acids or supplementation with specific amino acids can exacerbate or benefit certain health conditions. It is not recommended that people supplement with one or a few amino acids, unless they are under the supervision of a qualified health care professional, as excesses in one or a few amino acids can negatively affect overall amino acid and protein metabolism, in a process called “competitive inhibition” of the absorption of other amino acids.

Amino Acid Support Formula (Quick Review):

NAME AND PRIMARY FUNCTIONS IN THE BODY:

Lysine, Production of antibodies, hormones & enzymes. Bone growth, antiviral (herpes)
Arginine, Enhances immune function, liver function & detoxification, muscle metabolism
Isoleucine, Regulates blood sugar & energy levels, endurance, muscle healing & repair
Leucine, Healing of skin, muscle & bones. Increases growth hormone production
Alanine, Aids metabolism of glucose for energy production
Threonine, Maintains protein balance, formation of collagen, elastin & immune cells
Histadine, Growth & repair of tissues, protects nerves, production of blood cells
Cysteine, Formation of skin, nails & hair. Detoxifies and protects the liver and brain
Methionine, Breakdown of fats, helps digestion and detoxification (antioxidant)
Glutamine, Improves brain function, builds & maintains muscles, pH balance
Tyrosine, Dopamine & norepinephrine formation (mood regulation). Adrenal, thyroid, pituitary function
Valine, Muscle metabolism (energy source), tissue repair, nitrogen balance
Phenylalanine, Improves memory, mental alertness & moods, suppresses appetite
Glycine, DNA & RNA formation, central nervous function, healing of tissues
Serine, Metabolism of fats, muscle growth, maintains healthy immune system
Vitamin C, (as Ascorbyl Palmitate) Helps naturally preserve amino acids
Vitamin B6, (as Pyridoxal 5-Phosphate) Necessary for proper amino acid metabolism
Chromium, (as Chromium Picolinate) Is helpful in preventing hyperglycemic responses
5 HTP, (5 Hydroxytryptophan) A natural form of tryptophan derived from the griffonia seed
Alpha Ketoglutaric, Helps with amino acid metabolism, tissue healing, reduces ammonia levels.

Amino Acid Support - Ingredient Rationale:

1. Ingredient Name: L- Leucine

Used For / Claims: Leucine, and other Branched Chain Amino Acids (valine and isoleucine) provide the body with the building blocks to manufacture numerous biochemically-essential substances (as modulators and substrates of protein formation, and as precursors in the formation of alanine and glutamine), used for:

· Improvement of athletic performance
· Improvement of mental alertness and mental performance
· Improvement in energy levels
· Prevention of fatigue
· Healing of bones, muscle, and skin
· Recovery from surgery
· Lowering excessive blood sugar levels
· Improving growth hormone production
· Improving diabetic conditions
· Reducing liver damage from alcohol
· Reducing alcohol-related brain damage
· Maintaining healthy Human Growth Hormone levels

Dosage/Safety: Research has shown that supplemental intake of 5-20 grams per day of branched chain amino acids has caused no adverse side effects. There are no known interactions with nutrients, herbs, foods, or laboratory tests.

References: See bottom of page

2. Ingredient Name: L-Valine

Used For / Claims: Valine and other Branched Chain Amino Acids (leucine and isoleucine) provide the body with the building blocks to manufacture numerous biochemically-essential substances (as modulators and substrates of protein formation, and as precursors in the formation of alanine and glutamine), used for:

· Improvement of athletic and exercise performance
· Prevention of fatigue, improved energy production
· Improved mental performance
· Reduced muscle and protein breakdown related to heavy exercise
· Repair of damaged tissues
· Maintaining proper nitrogen balance
· Treating gallbladder and liver conditions
· Reducing liver damage from alcohol
· Reducing alcohol-related brain damage

Dosage/Safety: Research has shown that supplemental intake of 5-20 grams per day of branched chain amino acids has caused no adverse side effects. There are no known interactions with nutrients, herbs, foods, or laboratory tests.

References: See bottom of page

3. Ingredient Name: L-Isoleucine

Used For / Claims: Isoleucine and other Branched Chain Amino Acids (leucine and valine) provide the body with the building blocks to manufacture numerous biochemically-essential substances (as modulators and substrates of protein formation, and as precursors in the formation of alanine and glutamine), used for:

· Improvement of athletic and exercise performance
· Prevention of fatigue, improved energy production
· Improved mental performance
· Reduced muscle and protein breakdown with heavy exercise
· Formation of hemoglobin
· Regulation of blood sugar levels
· Recovery from physical trauma and injury
· Recovery from surgery
· Reducing liver damage from alcohol
· Reducing alcohol-related brain damage

Orally, branched-chain amino acids are used to enhance exercise performance, prevent fatigue, improve concentration, and reduce protein and muscle breakdown during intense exercise.

Dosage/Safety: Research has shown that supplemental intake of 5-20 grams per day of branched chain amino acids has caused no adverse side effects. There are no known interactions with nutrients, herbs, foods, or laboratory tests.

References: See bottom of page

4. Ingredient Name: L-Lysine (as L-Lysine HCL)

Lysine is an essential amino acid that is used as a building block for all proteins, and is important for building muscle proteins and proper bone development.
Used For / Claims: Orally, lysine is used for:

· Improvement of athletic and exercise performance
· Symptoms of recurrent herpes simplex labialis
· Symptoms of shingles lesions (varicella-zoster virus)
· Improving calcium absorption
· The production of antibodies, enzymes, and hormones
· Improved collagen formation
· Improved mental performance
· The utilization of fatty acids and the formation of carnitine for energy for energy production
· Improved immune function
· Recovery from trauma or surgery
· Maintaining healthy Human Growth Hormone levels

Dosage/Safety: Orally, up to 1000 mg of lysine daily for twelve months and 1000 mg three times daily for six months have been used for recurrent herpes simplex labialis infections. No known interactions with herbs, foods, or laboratory tests.

Interaction with dietary supplements: Dietary calcium supplements: Lysine use may decrease urine calcium loss and increase supplemental calcium absorption.

References: See bottom of page

5. Ingredient Name: L-Glutamine

Used For / Claims: Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in the blood, playing an important role in nitrogen transport, and as a cofactor for the formation of nicotinamide from niacin (B3). The liver and skeletal muscle can produce glutamine by the conversion of glutamic acid. Glutamine is especially important for maintaining brain function, as it has the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. Glutamine is used for:

· Preventing muscle catabolism (breakdown)
· Reducing muscle atrophy
· Improving immune system function
· Maintaining central nervous system function
· Promoting GABA production
· Enhancing glycogen storage
· Physiological stress (when utilization exceeds dietary provisions)
· Maintaining gastrointestinal integrity
· Recovery from heavy exercise
· Maintaining pH balance
· Formation of RNA/DNA
· Maintaining healthy Human Growth Hormone levels

Dosage/Safety: Research shows that glutamine has been used at up to 20-40 with no significant adverse effects outside of mild gastrointestinal discomfort. No known interactions with nutrients, herbs, foods, or laboratory tests.

References: See bottom of page

6. Ingredient Name: L-Alanine

Used For / Claims: Alanine is a nonessential amino acid used by the body for protein synthesis and glucose metabolism. Alanine is found in prostate fluid, and may participate in supporting healthy prostate function. Alanine is important for its role in delivery of nitrogen to the liver from body tissues.
Alanine is used for:
· Improved glucose metabolism
· Improved muscle function
· Improved nervous system function
· Improved immune system function
· Symptomatic relief for benign prostatic hypertrophy
· Reduces accumulation of toxic wastes from muscle breakdown

Dosage/Safety: Alanine is free of side effects for most consumers; however, those with kidney or liver disease should not consume high intakes of alanine without consulting a qualified healthcare professional. Isolated alanine supplements are not recommended. No known interactions with nutrients, herbs, foods, or laboratory tests.

References: See bottom of page

7. Ingredient Name: L-Phenylalanine

Used For / Claims: Phenylalanine is an essential amino acid. In the body, Phenylalanine can be converted into the amino acid tyrosine. Tyrosine can then be converted into numerous neurotransmitters necessary for proper brain function and metabolism, including epinephrine, L-dopa, and norepinephrine. Phenylalanine is used for:

· Mild depression
· Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
· Improved memory and learning ability
· Chronic pain control (arthritis, PMS, migraine)
· Rheumatic and arthritic conditions
· Improving mental alertness
· Mood elevation
· Appetite suppression
· Parkinson’s disease
· Schizophrenia

Dosage/Safety: Persons with phenylketonuria (PKU), who cannot break down phenylalanine, should avoid supplemental and dietary sources of phenylalanine. L-Phenylalanine is safe when used orally in amount less than 1 gram per day. Exacerbation of nerve conditions has been note at doses of 2 grams per day. No known interactions with nutrients, herbs, or foods.

References: See bottom of page

8. Ingredient Name: L-Arginine

Used For / Claims: Arginine is a non-essential amino acid, created by the body from dietary sources of protein, including dairy products, fish, meats, nuts, and poultry, unless daily requirements exceed the body's ability to create it. Arginine is a precursor to nitric oxide, vital for:

· The regulation of blood pressure
· Blood vessel dilation
· Proper immune system function
· Proper neurotransmission
· Healthy platelet aggregation and adhesion levels
· Relaxation of intestinal smooth muscle

Arginine is crucial for cardiovascular health, by limiting the buildup of plaque in the arteries, may play a role in lowering cholesterol, and promotes the release of numerous hormones, including glucagon, insulin and growth hormone. Arginine is used for:

· Maintaining cardiovascular health
· Maintaining liver health and function
· Maintaining healthy cholesterol levels
· Maintaining healthy blood pressure levels
· Maintaining proper immune system function
· Improving thymus gland function and T cell production
· Liver disorders and detoxification
· Improving deficient circulation
· Muscle growth and tissue repair
· Enhancing collagen formation
· Maintenance of healthy connective tissues and skin
· Gastric ulcers
· Erectile dysfunction
· Maintaining healthy Human Growth Hormone levels

Dosage/Safety: Arginine has been used orally at up to 20 grams per day. L-arginine is generally considered safe and has only caused minor side effects in clinical studies. No known interactions with nutrients, herbs, or foods.
References: See bottom of page

9. Ingredient Name: L-Histidine

Used For / Claims: Histidine is an essential amino that plays a part in numerous metabolic processes, and is found in greater concentrations in hemoglobin. Histidine is used for:

· Proper growth and maintenance of body tissues
· Maintenance of neural myelin sheaths
· Symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis and rheumatic conditions
· Allergies
· Maintenance of blood cells (both red and white)
· Gastrointestinal inflammation and ulcerative conditions
· Detoxification of heavy metals

Dosage/Safety: SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately. Clinical studies note the absence of side effects at doses up to 4 grams per day. No known interactions with nutrients, herbs, or foods.

References: See bottom of page

10. Ingredient Name: L-Methionine

Used For / Claims: Methionine is an essential amino acid which supplies sulfur and methyl groups to the body that the body can use for numerous metabolic processes, including antioxidant defense, detoxification, carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, the synthesis of body tissues, and the creation of insulin, choline and acetylcholine, and coenzyme A. Methionine is a building-block for the amino acids cysteine, glutathione, and taurine. Methionine is protective of the kidneys and liver, and reduces ammonia formation in the urine. A deficiency in methionine can cause numerous metabolic imbalances that can result in greater risk factors for heart disease, osteoporosis, and neurological conditions.
Methionine is used for:

· Antioxidant protection from oxidizing free radicals
· Healthy hair, skin and strong nails
· Healthy digestive system function
· Preventing liver damage from acetaminophen (Tylenol) poisoning
· Mild depression
· Reducing fatty buildup in the arteries and liver
· Reduction of histamine levels
· Healing wounds and damaged tissues
· Supporting liver function
· Detoxification of heavy metals
· Alcoholism

Dosage/Safety:
For acetaminophen poisoning, liver damage and death may be avoided by providing 2.5 grams of methionine every 4 hours, four times in one day. If a person’s diet is deficient in foods that contain vitamins B6, B12, and folic acid, and they consume excessive methionine, they risk the methionine being converted into homocysteine. Excessive homocysteine levels are associated with increased risk factors for hardening of the arteries, AKA atherosclerosis.

References: See bottom of page

11. Ingredient Name: L-Tyrosine

Used For / Claims: Tyrosine is a large, neutral amino acid, and building block of all proteins. It is needed by the body to create melanin, thyroxine, and neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinepherine). Tyrosine is used for:

· Improving mental alertness and mood
· Supporting proper CNS nerve transmissions
· Supporting healthy adrenal, pituitary, and thyroid function
· Supporting healthy cardiovascular function
· Improved ability to learn, memorize, and perform under stressful conditions
· Improved alertness after sleep deprivation
· Depression
· Stress
· Attention deficit disorder (ADD)
· Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
· Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS)
· Phenylketonuria (PKU),
· Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
· Improving libido

Dosage/Safety: Tyrosine is safe to use at dosages up to 7 grams per day. No known interactions with nutrients, herbs, or foods. People taking MAO inhibitors for depression should not take tyrosine supplements or eat foods naturally high in tyrosine.

References: See bottom of page

12. Ingredient Name: L-Cysteine

Used For / Claims: Cysteine is a non-essential amino acid, which means it can be created by the body from other amino acids from dietary or dietary supplement sources. It is created primarily in the liver from the amino acids methionine and serine. Glutathione is a powerful antioxidant that is synthesized in the liver from cysteine, glutamic acid and glycine. Cysteine is the key ‘rate-limiting’ amino acid for glutathione activity as an antioxidant. Cysteine is also essential to the metabolism of a number of key biochemicals, including coenzyme A, biotin, heparin, and alpha lipoic acid.

Glutathione is vital for:
· Protection from oxidizing free radials
· Protection from chemical pollution
· Protection from carcinogens and toxins
· Protection from radiation damage
· Recovery from burns and surgery
· Detoxification of metals and prescription (and OTC) drugs
· Formation and maintenance of DNA
· Formation of proteins and prostaglandins
· Function and maintenance of the immune system
· Activation of certain enzymes

Glutathione is used for:
· Aging
· Alzheimer’s disease
· Asthma and other respiratory conditions
· Cancer
· Cardiovascular disease
· Cataracts
· Hepatitis
· Immune compromised conditions
· Liver disease
· Memory deficits
· Neuro-degenerative disorders
· Osteoarthritis
· Parkinson’s disease

Cysteine is itself an antioxidant that protects the body from free radical oxidation. It is important for the health of the skin and is a major component of hair and skin. Cysteine is used for:

· Protection from oxidizing free radials
· Protection from chemicals and toxins
· Reducing aging
· Formation of proteins
· Treatment of burns
· Recovery from surgery
· Proper immune system function
· Maintenance of elastin production and skin health

Dosage/Safety: Research shows that up to 80 grams per day of cysteine for therapeutic purposes, without significant side effects. No known interactions with nutrients, herbs, foods, or lab tests.

References: See bottom of page

13. Ingredient Name: L-Glycine

Used For / Claims: Glycine is a non-essential amino acid, which means it can be created by the body from other amino acids from dietary or dietary supplement sources. It is synthesized in the body from the amino acid serine. Glycine is used for:

· Protecting the kidneys from oxidation
· Reducing the growth of certain cancers
· Protecting the liver from alcohol-induced damage
· Reducing the growth of liver tumors
· Reduced inflammation and death of liver cells
· Tissue healing and repair
· Promoting oxygen delivery for cellular energy production
· Synthesis of hormones related to immune function
· Formation of RNA/DNA
· Improved metabolism of glucose for energy production
· Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)
· Improvement of memory
· Schizophrenia
· Stroke
· Maintaining healthy Human Growth Hormone levels

Dosage/Safety: Research shows that glycine has been used safely at doses of 1 gram per 2 pounds of body weight per day. No known interactions with nutrients, herbs, foods or laboratory tests.

References: See bottom of page

14. Ingredient Name: L-Threonine

Used For / Claims: Threonine is an essential amino acid, which means it cannot be synthesized by the body and must come from dietary and/or dietary supplement sources. Threonine is a building-block amino acid used in the formation of the amino acids glycine and serine, and is found primarily in the central nervous system, heart and skeletal muscles. Threonine requires Vitamin B6, niacin, and magnesium to function optimally in the body, and works best in unison with the BCAA’s isoleucine, leucine, and valine.
Threonine is used for:

· Proper protein balance
· Stabilization of blood sugar
· Healthy formation of collagen, elastin, and tooth enamel
· Reducing fat accumulation in the liver
· Healthy function of the gastrointestinal tract
· Healthy immune function
· Recovery from burns and trauma
· Improved antibody formation
· Overcoming depression

Dosage/Safety: Threonine has been used therapeutically at doses up to 1200 mg. Per day.

References: See bottom of page

15. Ingredient Name: L-Serine

Used For / Claims: Serine is a non-essential amino acid, which means it can be created by the body from other amino acids from dietary or dietary supplement sources. It is formed from glycine, however, vitamins B3, B6, and folic acid are required for this synthesis to occur. Serine, along with alanine and glycine are important for stimulating the formation of blood sugar (glucose) in the liver, helping the body to maintain balanced blood sugar levels. Serine is a building block to the amino acids cysteine and methionine. Serine is used for:

· Formation of methyl groups
· Maintaining balanced blood sugar levels
· Metabolism of lipids and fatty acids (important for nerve sheath formation)
· Muscle growth
· Maintenance of immune system function
· Production of immune cells
· Proper RNA/DNA function

Dosage/Safety: Research show that serine has been used safely at therapeutic doses of up to 1 gram per day.

References: See bottom of page

16. Ingredient Name: Vitamin C

Used For / Claims: Among many other beneficial uses, Vitamin C is required for the synthesis of collagen, an important structural component of blood vessels, tendons, ligaments, and bone. Vitamin C also plays an important role in the synthesis of the neurotransmitter, norepinephrine. Neurotransmitters are critical to brain function and are known to affect mood. In addition, vitamin C is required for the synthesis of carnitine, a nutrient that is essential for the transport of fat to cellular organelles called mitochondria, for conversion to energy.

Vitamin C is recommended for hundreds of different health conditions. Some of the main categories are:

· Prevention of vitamin C deficiency
· Improving iron absorption
· Cardiovascular system health
· Preventing atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries)
· Immune system health, reducing the risk of certain cancers
· Reducing symptoms of the common cold
· Hypertension
· Diabetes, by decreasing protein levels in the urine of people with type 2 diabetes
· Lowering the risk for gallbladder disease
· Lowering the risk for cartilage and bone loss.
· Reducing the advance of age related macular degeneration
· Treating ulcers in the stomach caused by bacteria called H. pylori

Dosage/Safety: Nutritional researchers recommend increasing the current RDA for vitamin C from 60mg to at least 100 to 200mg per day. Vitamin C is safe for most people. In some people, large amounts of vitamin C may cause nausea, heartburn, diarrhea, and other side effects.

References: See bottom of page

17. Ingredient Name: Vitamin B-6 (as pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP)

Vitamin B6 is a water-soluble vitamin. Humans cannot synthesize vitamin B6, so it must be derived from the diet or dietary supplements. Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) is important for creating glucose from amino acids, and regulates the function of over 120 enzymes necessary for essential metabolic reactions in the body. Vitamin levels are associated with increased blood homocysteine levels and increased risk of cardiovascular disease, and poor immune function.

Vitamin B6 is used for:

· Proper nervous system function
· Healthy red blood cell metabolism
· Vitamin B3 (niacin) synthesis
· Proper hormone function
· Healthy immune system function
· Maintaining healthy homocysteine levels
· Reducing morning sickness in pregnancy
· Carpal tunnel syndrome

Dosage/Safety: As an oral dietary supplement, 2 mg per day of vitamin B6 is appropriate for people with normal gastrointestinal absorption.

References: See bottom of page

18. Ingredient Name: Chromium (as Chromium Picolinate)

Used For / Claims: Chromium is a mineral that is essential for healthy lipid (fat) and glucose (sugar) metabolism. Chromium is found in highest concentrations in the bones, kidneys, liver and spleen. Chromium helps to maintain stabilized blood sugar levels by enhancing the effects of insulin. Chromium is sometimes called “glucose tolerance factor”. A diminished response to insulin or decreased insulin sensitivity can cause impaired glucose tolerance or non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), aka type 2 diabetes. Chromium helps to increase lean body mass and decreases body fat.

Chromium picolinate is considered to be more bioavailable than other forms of chromium, and has been the form of choice for research on impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes.

Dosage/Safety:

Current "Daily Adequate Intake" (AI) levels for chromium are as follows:
Infants 0 to 6 months, 0.2 mcg; 7 to 12 months, 5.5 mcg; children 1 to 3
years, 11 mcg; 4 to 8 years, 15 mcg; boys 9 to 13 years, 25 mcg; men 14 to
50 years, 35 mcg; men 51 and older, 30 mcg; girls 9 to 13 years, 21 mcg; 14
to 18 years, 24 mcg; women 19 to 50 years, 25 mcg; women 51 and older, 20
mcg; pregnant women 14 to 18 years, 29 mcg; 19 to 50 years, 30 mcg;
lactating women 14 to 18 years, 44 mcg; 19 to 50 years, 45 mcg. Chromium has
been used therapeutically at doses ranging between 200 to 1000 mcg per day.
Increased dosages should be taken only under the supervision of a qualified
health care professional.

References: See bottom of page

19. Ingredient Name: 5 Hydoxytryptophan

Used For / Claims: 5 Hydoxytryptophan is derived from the seeds of an African plant, called Griffonia simplicifolia. It is a derivative of the amino acid tryptophan. In the body, the amino acid tryptophan (found in many protein containing foods) is converted into 5 Hydoxytryptophan, and then converted again into the neurotransmitter serotonin.

5 Hydoxytryptophan is used for:

· Relieving mild to moderate depression
· Reducing anxiety
· Promoting restful sleep and relieving insomnia caused by sleep disorders
· Reducing migraine and tension headaches
· Reducing pain sensations (headaches, fibromyalgia, general muscle pain)
· Reducing the symptoms of attention deficit disorder (ADD)

Dosage/Safety: Orally, 5 Hydoxytryptophan is usually recommended at doses of 150-300 mg. per day. For some people, 5 Hydoxytryptophan can cause gastrointestinal side effects, including; heartburn, stomach pain, belching and flatulence, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and anorexia.

References: See bottom of page

20. Ingredient Name: Alpha Ketoglutaric Acid

Used For / Claims: Alpha Ketoglutaric Acid is used in many metabolic pathways in the body, used to form muscles and heal wounds. Nutritional research shows that Alpha Ketoglutaric Acid has the ability to:

· Prevent blood supply problems during surgery.
· Reduce muscle deterioration after surgery or traumas.
Alpha Ketoglutaric Acid is used for:
· Proper kidney function
· Proper liver function
· Proper gastrointestinal function
· Enhancing athletic performance
· Reducing ammonia toxicity
· Reducing bacterial overgrowth

Dosage/Safety: Orally, alpha-ketoglutaric acid has been recommended at doses up to 500 mg., twice per day, and is considered safe when used appropriately. No known interactions with nutrients, herbs, foods, or laboratory tests.

References: See bottom of page

References:

1. Ingredient Name: L- Leucine references:

Dohm GL. Protein nutrition for the athlete. Clin Sports Med. 1984 Jul;3(3):595-604.

Suryawan A, Hawes JW, Harris RA, et al. A molecular model of human branched-chain amino acid metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68:72-81.

Mittleman KD, Ricci MR, Bailey SP. Branched-chain amino acids prolong exercise during heat stress in men and women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1998 Jan;30(1):83-91.

Branchey L, Branchey M, Shaw S, Lieber CS. Relationship between changes in plasma amino acids and depression in alcoholic patients. Am J Psychiatry 1984;141:1212-5.

Blomstrand E, Celsing F, Newsholme EA. Changes in plasma concentrations of aromatic and branched-chain amino acids during sustained exercise in man and their possible role in fatigue. Acta Physiol Scand. 1988 May;133(1):115-21.

MacLean DA, Graham TE, Saltin B. Branched-chain amino acids augment ammonia metabolism while attenuating protein breakdown during exercise. Am J Physiol 1994;267:E1010-22.

Kimball SR, Jefferson LS. Control of protein synthesis by amino acid availability. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab 2002;5:63-7.

Tanaka H, West KA, Duncan GE, Bassett DR Jr. Changes in plasma tryptophan/branched chain amino acid ratio in responses to training volume variation. Int J Sports Med. 1997 May;18(4):270-5.

Anthony JC, Lang CH, Crozier SJ, et al. Contribution of insulin to the translational control of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle by leucine. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 282:E1092-101.

Mero A. Leucine supplementation and intensive training. Sports Med. 1999 Jun;27(6):347-58.

Castell LM, Yamamoto T, Phoenix J, Newsholme EA. The role of tryptophan in fatigue in different conditions of stress. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1999;467:697-704.

Wagenmakers AJ. Amino acid supplements to improve athletic performance. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 1999 Nov;2(6):539-44.

Williams C. Fatigue during prolonged exercise. Nutrition. 1996 Jul-Aug;12(7-8):553-4.

Davis JM, Welsh RS, De Volve KL, Alderson NA. Effects of branched-chain amino acids and carbohydrate on fatigue during intermittent, high-intensity running. Int J Sports Med. 1999 Jul;20(5):309-14.

Lehmann M, Mann H, Gastmann U, Keul J, Vetter D, Steinacker JM, Haussinger D. Unaccustomed high-mileage vs intensity training-related changes in performance and serum amino acid levels. Int J Sports Med. 1996 Apr;17(3):187-92.

Naylor CD, O'Rourke K, Detsky AS, Baker JP. Parenteral nutrition with branched-chain amino acids in hepatic encephalopathy. A meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 1989;97:1033-42.

Manner T, Wiese S, Katz DP, Skeie B, Askanazi J. Branched-chain amino acids and respiration. Nutrition. 1992 Sep-Oct;8(5):311-5.

van Loon LJ, Kruijshoop M, Menheere PP, et al. Amino acid ingestion strongly enhances insulin secretion in patients with long-term type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003;26:625-30.

2. Ingredient Name: L-Valine references:

Karlsson HK, Nilsson PA, Nilsson J, Chibalin AV, Zierath JR, Blomstrand E., Branched-Chain Amino Acids Increase p70S6 Kinase Phosphorylation in Human Skeletal Muscle after Resistance Exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Mar 2

MacLean DA, Graham TE. Branched-chain amino acid supplementation augments plasma ammonia responses during exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol 1993;74:2711-7.

Pitkanen H, Mero A, Oja SS, Komi PV, Rusko H, Nummela A, Saransaari P, Takala T., Effects of training on the exercise-induced changes in serum amino acids and hormones. J Strength Cond Res. 2002 Aug;16(3):390-8.

Blomstrand E, Ek S, Newsholme EA. Influence of ingesting a solution of branched-chain amino acids on plasma and muscle concentrations of amino acids during prolonged submaximal exercise. Nutrition 1996;12:485-90.

Cuisinier C, Ward RJ, Francaux M, Sturbois X, de Witte P., Changes in plasma and urinary taurine and amino acids in runners immediately and 24h after a marathon. Amino Acids. 2001;20(1):13-23.

MacLean DA, Graham TE, Saltin B. Branched-chain amino acids augment ammonia metabolism while attenuating protein breakdown during exercise. Am J Physiol 1994;267:E1010-22.

Coombes JS, McNaughton LR., Effects of branched-chain amino acid supplementation on serum creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase after prolonged exercise. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2000 Sep;40(3):240-6.

Egberts EH, Schomerus H, Hamster W, Jurgens P. Branched chain amino acids in the treatment of latent portosystemic encephalopathy. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Gastroenterol 1985;88:887-95.

Marchesini G, Dioguardi FS, Bianchi GP, et al. Long-term oral branched-chain amino acid treatment in chronic hepatic encephalopathy. A randomized double-blind casein-controlled trial. The Italian Multicenter Study Group. J Hepatol 1990;11:92-101.

O'Keefe SJ, Ogden J, Dicker J. Enteral and parenteral branched chain amino acid-supplemented nutritional support in patients with encephalopathy due to alcoholic liver disease. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1987;11:447-53.

3. Ingredient Name: L-Isoleucine references:
Mero A., Leucine supplementation and intensive training. Sports Med. 1999 Jun;27(6):347-58.

Kimball SR, Jefferson LS. Control of protein synthesis by amino acid availability. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab 2002;5:63-7.

Wagenmakers AJ., Protein and amino acid metabolism in human muscle. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1998;441:307-19.

Wagenmakers AJ., Muscle amino acid metabolism at rest and during exercise: role in human physiology and metabolism. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 1998;26:287-314.

Doi M, Yamaoka I, Fukunaga T, Nakayama M., Isoleucine, a potent plasma glucose-lowering amino acid, stimulates glucose uptake in C2C12 myotubes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2003 Dec 26;312(4):1111-7.

Meijer AJ, Dubbelhuis PF., Amino acid signalling and the integration of metabolism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004 Jan 9;313(2):397-403.

Hiroshige K, Sonta T, Suda T, et al. Oral supplementation of branched-chain amino acid improves nutritional status in elderly patients on chronic haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001;16:1856-62.

4. Ingredient Name: L-Lysine (as L-Lysine HCL) references:

Civitelli R, Villareal DT, Agnusdei D, Nardi P, Avioli LV, Gennari C. Dietary L-lysine and calcium metabolism in humans. Nutrition 1992; 8(6):400-405.

Flodin NW., The metabolic roles, pharmacology, and toxicology of lysine. J Am Coll Nutr. 1997 Feb;16(1):7-21.

Kendler BS. Carnitine: an overview of its role in preventive medicine. Prev Med 1986; 15(4):373-390.

Tomblin FA Jr, Lucas KH., Lysine for management of herpes labialis. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2001 Feb 15;58(4):298-300, 304.

Griffith RS, et al. Success of L-lysine therapy in frequently recurrent herpes simplex infection. Treatment and prophylaxis. Dermatologica 1987;175(4):183-90.

Ruyechan WT, Olson JW., Surface lysine and tyrosine residues are required for interaction of the major herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA-binding protein with single-stranded DNA. J Virol. 1992 Nov;66(11):6273-9.

Thein DJ, Hurt WC. Lysine as a prophylactic agent in the treatment of recurrent herpes simplex labialis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1984;58(6):659-66.

Azzara A, Carulli G, Sbrana S, Rizzuti-Gullaci A, Minnucci S, Natale M, et al. Effects of lysine-arginine association on immune functions in patients with recurrent infections. Drugs Exp Clin Res 1995;21(2):71-78.

5. Ingredient Name: L-Glutamine references:
Newsholme EA, Calder PC. The proposed role of glutamine in some cells of the immune system and speculative consequences for the whole animal. Nutrition. 1997 Jul-Aug;13(7-8):728-30.

Ward N., Nutrition support to patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery. Nutr J. 2003 Dec 1;2(1):18.

Klimberg VS, Salloum RM, Kasper M, Plumley DA, Dolson DJ, Hautamaki RD, et al. Oral glutamine accelerates healing of the small intestine and improves outcome after whole abdominal radiation. Arch Surg 1990; 125(8):1040-1045.

Walsh NP, Blannin AK, Robson PJ, Gleeson M. Glutamine, exercise and immune function. Links and possible mechanisms. Sports Med. 1998 Sep;26(3):177-91.

Garrel D, Patenaude J, Nedelec B, Samson L, Dorais J, Champoux J, D'Elia M, Bernier J., Decreased mortality and infectious morbidity in adult burn patients given enteral glutamine supplements: a prospective, controlled, randomized clinical trial. Crit Care Med. 2003 Oct;31(10):2444-9.

Calder PC, Yaqoob P. Glutamine and the immune system. Amino Acids. 1999;17(3):227-41.

Shephard RJ, Shek PN. Heavy exercise, nutrition and immune function: is there a connection? Int J Sports Med. 1995 Nov;16(8):491-7.

Kirk HJ, Heys SD., Immunonutrition. Br J Surg. 2003 Dec;90(12):1459-60.

Gleeson M, Bishop NC. Elite athlete immunology: importance of nutrition. Int J Sports Med. 2000 May;21 Suppl 1:S44-50.

Fox AD, Kripke SA, De Paula J, Berman JM, Settle RG, Rombeau JL. Effect of a glutamine supplemented enteral diet on methotrexate-induced enterococolitis. JPEN 1988; 12(4):325-331.

Castell LM, Newsholme EA. The effects of oral glutamine supplementation on athletes after prolonged, exhaustive exercise. Nutrition. 1997 Jul-Aug;13(7-8):738-42.

Klimberg VS, Souba WW, Dolson DJ, Salloum RM, Hautamaki RD, Plumley DA, et al. Prophylactic glutamine protects the intestinal mucosa from radiation injury. Cancer 1990; 66(1):62-68.

MacKay D, Miller AL., Nutritional support for wound healing. Altern Med Rev. 2003 Nov;8(4):359-77.
Ruderman NB, Berger M. The formation of glutamine and alanine in skeletal muscle. J Biol Chem. 1974 Sep 10;249(17):5500-6.

Petibois C, Cazorla G, Poortmans JR, Deleris G., Biochemical aspects of overtraining in endurance sports: a review. Sports Med. 2002;32(13):867-78.

Zanker CL, Swaine IL, Castell LM, Newsholme EA. Responses of plasma glutamine, free tryptophan and branched-chain amino acids to prolonged exercise after a regime designed to reduce muscle glycogen. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1997;75(6):543-8.

6. Ingredient Name: L-Alanine references:

Zello GA, Wykes LF, Ball RO, et al. Recent advances in methods of assessing dietary amino acid requirements for adult humans. J Nutr 1995;125:2907-15.

Chevalier S, Gougeon R, Kreisman SH, Cassis C, Morais JA., The hyperinsulinemic amino acid clamp increases whole-body protein synthesis in young subjects. Metabolism. 2004 Mar;53(3):388-96.

Damrau F. Benign prostatic hypertrophy: Amino acid therapy for symptomatic relief. J Am Geriatrics Soc 1962;10(5):426-30.

Serres S, Bouyer JJ, Bezancon E, Canioni P, Merle M., Involvement of brain lactate in neuronal metabolism. NMR Biomed. 2003 Oct-Nov;16(6-7):430-9.

Feinblatt HM, Gant JC. Palliative treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy. Value of glycine-alanine-glutamic acid combination. J Maine Med Assoc 1958;March.

7. Ingredient Name: L-Phenylalanine references:

Wurtman RJ. Nutrients that modify brain function. Sci Am. 1982 Apr;246(4):50-9.

Fernstrom JD. Dietary amino acids and brain function. J Am Diet Assoc. 1994 Jan;94(1):71-7.

Anderson GH, Johnston JL. Nutrient control of brain neurotransmitter synthesis and function. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1983 Mar;61(3):271-81.

Contino MI, Bausano G. Nutritional approach to the therapy of pain: recent findings. Recenti Prog Med. 1985 Sep;76(9):472-5.

Seltzer S, Marcus R, Stoch R. Perspectives in the control of chronic pain by nutritional manipulation. Pain. 1981 Oct;11(2):141-8.

Haze JJ. Toward an understanding of the rationale for the use of dietary supplementation for chronic pain management: the serotonin model. Cranio. 1991 Oct;9(4):339-43.

Lieberman HR. Behavioral changes caused by nutrients. Bibl Nutr Dieta. 1986;(38):219-24.

Bornstein RA, Baker GB, Carroll A, et al. Plasma amino acids in attention deficit disorder. Psychiatry Res 1990;33:301-6.

Benevenga NJ, Steele RD. Adverse effects of excessive consumption of amino acids. Annu Rev Nutr. 1984;4:157-81.

8. Ingredient Name: L-Arginine

Creager MA, Gallagher SJ, Girerd XJ, et al. L-arginine improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in hypercholesterolemic humans. J Clin Invest 1992;90(4):1248-53.

Drexler H, Zeiher AM, Meinzer K, Just H. Correction of endothelial dysfunction in coronary microcirculation of hypercholesterolaemic patients by L-arginine. Lancet 1991;338(8782-8783):1546-1550.

Rajamohan T, Kurup PA. Lysine: arginine ratio of a protein influences cholesterol metabolism. Part 1--Studies on sesame protein having low lysine: arginine ratio. Indian J Exp Biol. 1997 Nov;35(11):1218-23.

Wolf A, Zalpour C, Theilmeier G, Wang BY, Ma A, Anderson B, Tsao PS, Cooke JP. Dietary L-arginine supplementation normalizes platelet aggregation in hypercholesterolemic humans. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997;29(3):479-485.

Lerman A, et al. Long-term L-arginine improves small-vessel coronary endothelial function in humans. Circulation 1998;97:2123-8.

Peters H, Noble NA. Dietary L-arginine in renal disease. Semin Nephrol 1996;16(6):567-75.

Brzozowski T, Konturek SJ, Drozdowicz D, Dembinski A, Stachura J. Healing of chronic gastric ulcerations by L arginine. Role of nitric oxide, prostaglandins, gastrin and polyamines. Digestion 1995; 56(6):463-71.

Bode-Boger SM, et al. L-arginine-induced vasodilation in healthy humans: pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1998;46(5):489-97.

Siani A, Pagano E, Iacone R, Iacoviello L, Scopacasa F, Strazzullo P. Blood pressure and metabolic changes during dietary L-arginine supplementation in humans. Am J Hypertens. 2000 May;13(5 Pt 1):547-51.

Huynh NT, Tayek JA. Oral arginine reduces systemic blood pressure in type 2 diabetes: its potential role in nitric oxide generation. J Am Coll Nutr 2002;21:422-7.

Adams MR, et al. Oral L-arginine improves endothelium-dependent dilatation and reduces monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells in young men with coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 1997;129(2):261-9.

Chaloupecky V, Hucin B, Tlaskal T, Kostelka M, Kucera V, Janousek J, Skovranek J, Sprongl L. Nitrogen balance, 3-methylhistidine excretion, and plasma amino acid profile in infants after cardiac operations for congenital heart defects: the effect of early nutritional support. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1997 Dec;114(6):1053-60.

Klotz T, Mathers MJ, Braun M, et al. Effectiveness of oral L-arginine in first-line treatment of erectile dysfunction in a controlled crossover study. Urol Int 1999;63(4):220-3.

Ohtsuka Y, Nakaya J. Effect of oral administration of L-arginine on senile dementia. Am J Med 2000;108:439.

9. Ingredient Name: L-Histidine references:

Dyduch A, Geisler G, Pieniazek W, Olejnik I, Schneiberg B, Iwachow T, Sieklucki J., Physiological and pathophysiological role of histamine in the gastrointestinal tract. Pediatr Pol. 1996 May;71(5):391-5.

Tanaka S. Physiological function mediated by histamine synthesis. Yakugaku Zasshi. 2003 Jul;123(7):547-59.

Roberts NA, Tong BP., Histidine analogues as potential novel antirheumatic agents. Drug Des Deliv. 1986 Nov;1(2):113-8.

Sitton NG, Dixon JS, Bird HA, Wright V., Serum and synovial fluid histidine: a comparison in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Rheumatol Int. 1986;6(6):251-4.

Trang LE, Furst P, Odeback AC, Lovgren O., Plasma amino acids in rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol. 1985;14(4):393-402.

Gerber DA, Tanenbaum L, Ahrens M. Free serum histidine levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and control subjects following an oral load of free L-histidine. Metabolism, 1976; 25(6):655-7.

Partsch G, Schwagerl W, Eberl R., Histamine in rheumatic diseases. Z Rheumatol. 1982 Jan-Feb;41(1):19-22.

Falus A. Histamine, part of the metabolome. Acta Biol Hung. 2003;54(1):27-34.

Sitton NG, Dixon JS, Bird HA, Wright V., Serum biochemistry in rheumatoid arthritis, seronegative arthropathies, osteoarthritis, SLE and normal subjects. Br J Rheumatol. 1987 Apr;26(2):131-5.

10. Ingredient Name: L-Methionine

Parcell S., Sulfur in human nutrition and applications in medicine. Altern Med Rev. 2002 Feb;7(1):22-44.

Vale JA, Meredith TJ, Goulding R. Treatment of acetaminophen poisoning. The use of oral methionine. Arch Intern Med, 1981;141(3 Spec No):394-6.

Xie LL, Zhu CH, Tian WQ, Gao QH., Effect of L-methionine on trace elements in lead-intoxicated mice. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi. 2003 Apr;21(2):108-10.

Yermolaieva O, Xu R, Schinstock C, Brot N, Weissbach H, Heinemann SH, Hoshi T., Methionine sulfoxide reductase A protects neuronal cells against brief hypoxia/reoxygenation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Feb 3;101(5):1159-64. Epub 2004 Jan 26.

Prusiewicz-Witaszek U., Changes in the biosynthesis of keratin in the hair following supplementing rabbits' basic feed with methionine and lysine. Pol Arch Weter. 1975;17(4):659-66.

WYSOCKI AP, MANN GV, STARE FJ., The cystine and methionine content of the hair of malnourished children. Am J Clin Nutr. 1954 Jul-Aug;2(4):243-5.

Pain SJ, Revell DK, James PJ., Effect of sulphur amino acids on epithelial immunity and parasite susceptibility. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2003;12 Suppl:S58.

Theunissen R, Boers G, Trijbels F, Eskes T. Neural-tube defects and derangements of homocysteine metabolism [letter]. N Engl J Med 1991;324:199-200.

Pereira MA, Wang W, Kramer PM, Tao L., Prevention by methionine of dichloroacetic acid-induced liver cancer and DNA hypomethylation in mice. Toxicol Sci. 2004 Feb;77(2):243-8. Epub 2003 Dec 02.

Russman S, Junker E, Lauterburg BH. Remethylation and transsulfuration of methionine in cirrhosis: studies with L-[H3-methyl-1-C]methionine. Hepatology 2002;36(5):1190-6.

Lee TD, Sadda MR, Mendler MH, Bottiglieri T, Kanel G, Mato JM, Lu SC., Abnormal hepatic methionine and glutathione metabolism in patients with alcoholic hepatitis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2004 Jan;28(1):173-81.

Seashore MR, Duran JL, Rosenberg LE. Studies of the mechanism of pyridoxine-responsive homocystinuria. Pediatr Res 1972; 6(3):187-196.

Ward M, McNulty H, Pentieva K, et al. Fluctuations in dietary methionine intake do not alter plasma homocysteine concentrations in healthy men. J Nutr 2000;130(11):2653-7.

Silveri MM, Parow AM, Villafuerte RA, Damico KE, Goren J, Stoll AL, Cohen BM, Renshaw PF., S-adenosyl-L-methionine: effects on brain bioenergetic status and transverse relaxation time in healthy subjects. Biol Psychiatry. 2003 Oct 15;54(8):833-9.

Pancheri P, Scapicchio P, Chiaie RD., A double-blind, randomized parallel-group, efficacy and safety study of intramuscular S-adenosyl-L-methionine 1,4-butanedisulphonate (SAMe) versus imipramine in patients with major depressive disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2002 Dec;5(4):287-94.

Mischoulon D, Fava M., Role of S-adenosyl-L-methionine in the treatment of depression: a review of the evidence. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Nov;76(5):1158S-61S.

Bell KM, Potkin SG, Carreon D, Plon L. S adenosylmethionine blood levels in major depression: changes with drug treatment. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 1994;154:15-18.

Papakostas GI, Alpert JE, Fava M., S-adenosyl-methionine in depression: a comprehensive review of the literature. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2003 Dec;5(6):460-6.

11. Ingredient Name: L-Tyrosine

Deijen JB, Wientjes CJ, Vullinghs HF, Cloin PA, Langefeld JJ., Tyrosine improves cognitive performance and reduces blood pressure in cadets after one week of a combat training course. Brain Res Bull. 1999 Jan 15;48(2):203-9.

Bornstein RA, Baker GB, Carroll A, King G, Wong JT, Douglass AB., Plasma amino acids in attention deficit disorder. Psychiatry Res. 1990 Sep;33(3):301-6.

Reimherr FW, Wender PH, Wood DR, Ward M. An open trial of L-tyrosine in the treatment of attention deficit disorder, residual type. Am J Psychiatr 1987;144:1071-3.

Gomez Tortosa, Estrella Gonzalo, Isabel Newell, Kathy Garcia Yebenes, Justo Vonsattel, Paul Hyman, Bradley T., Patterns of protein nitration in dementia with Lewy bodies and striatonigral degeneration. Acta-Neuropathol-(Berl). 2002 May; 103(5): 495-500

Wood DR, Reimherr FW, Wender PH. Amino acid precursors for the treatment of attention deficit disorder, residual type. Psychopharmacol Bull 1985;21:146-9.

Kolesnichenko LS, Kulinskii VI, Gorina AS.Amino acids and their metabolites in blood and urine of children with minimal cerebral dysfunction. Vopr Med Khim. 1999 Jan-Feb;45(1):58-64.

Baker GB, Bornstein RA, Rouget AC, Ashton SE, van Muyden JC, Coutts RT., Phenylethylaminergic mechanisms in attention-deficit disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 1991 Jan 1;29(1):15-22.

Eisenberg J, Asnis GM, van Praag HM, Vela RM. Effect of tyrosine on attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. J Clin Psychiatr 1988;49:193-5.

Menkes DB, Coates DC, Fawcett JP., Acute tryptophan depletion aggravates premenstrual syndrome. J Affect Disord. 1994 Sep;32(1):37-44.

Georgiades E, Behan WM, Kilduff LP, Hadjicharalambous M, Mackie EE, Wilson J, Ward SA, Pitsiladis YP., Chronic fatigue syndrome: new evidence for a central fatigue disorder. Clin Sci (Lond). 2003 Aug;105(2):213-8.

Verhoeff NP, Christensen BK, Hussey D, Lee M, Papatheodorou G, Kopala L, Rui Q, Zipursky RB, Kapur S., Effects of catecholamine depletion on D2 receptor binding, mood, and attentiveness in humans: a replication study. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2003 Jan;74(2):425-32.

Chobotska, K. Arnold, M. Werner, P. Pliska, V., Rapid assay for tyrosine hydroxylase activity, an indicator of chronic stress in laboratory and domestic animals. Biol-Chem. Berlin ; New York : W. de Gruyter, c1996-. Jan 1998. v. 379 (1) p. 59-63. 1431-6730

Neri DF, Wiegmann D, Stanny RR, et al. The effects of tyrosine on cognitive performance during extended wakefulness. Aviat Space Environ Med 1995;66:313-9.

Avraham Y, Hao S, Mendelson S, Berry EM., Tyrosine improves appetite, cognition, and exercise tolerance in activity anorexia. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001 Dec;33(12):2104-10.

Acosta PB, Yannicelli S, Singh R, Mofidi S, Steiner R, DeVincentis E, Jurecki E, Bernstein L, Gleason S, Chetty M, Rouse B., Nutrient intakes and physical growth of children with phenylketonuria undergoing nutrition therapy. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003 Sep;103(9):1167-73.

Gelenberg AJ, Wojcik JD, Falk WE, et al. Tyrosine for depression: a double-blind trial. J Affect Disord 1990;19:125-32.

Booij L, Van der Does AJ, Riedel WJ., Monoamine depletion in psychiatric and healthy populations: review. Mol Psychiatry. 2003 Nov;8(12):951-73.

McLean A, Rubinsztein JS, Robbins TW, Sahakian BJ., The effects of tyrosine depletion in normal healthy volunteers: implications for unipolar depression. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2004 Jan;171(3):286-97. Epub 2003 Sep 04.

12. Ingredient Name: L-Cysteine

Lu SC. Regulation of hepatic glutathione synthesis: current concepts and controversies. FASEB J 1999;13(10):1169-83.

Witschi A, Reddy S, Stofer B, et al. The systemic availability of oral glutathione. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1992;43(6):667-9.

Lauterburg BH, Corcoran GB, Mitchell JR. Mechanism of action of N-acetylcysteine in the protection against the hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen in rats in vivo. J Clin Invest 1983; 71(4):980-991.
Bains JS, Shaw CA. Neurodegenerative disorders in humans: the role of glutathione in oxidative stress-mediated neuronal death. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 1997;25(3):335-58.

De la Fuente M, Victor VM. Anti-oxidants as modulators of immune function. Immunol Cell Biol. 2000 Feb;78(1):49-54.

Lomaestro BM, Malone M. Glutathione in health and disease: pharmacotherapeutic issues. Ann Pharmacother 1995;29(12):1263-73.

de Quay B, Malinverni R, Lauterburg BH. Glutathione depletion in HIV-infected patients: role of cysteine deficiency and effect of oral N-acetylcysteine. AIDS 1992;6(8):815-819.

Pearce RK, Owen A, Daniel S, et al. Alterations in the distribution of glutathione in the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm 1997;104(6-7):661-77.

Droge W, Eck HP, Naher H, Pekar U, Daniel V. Abnormal amino acid concentrations in the blood of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) may contribute to the immunological defect. Biol Chem Hoppe-Seyler 1988;369(3):143-148.

Sechi G, Deledda MG, Bua G, et al. Reduced intravenous glutathione in the treatment of early Parkinson's disease. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1996;20(7):1159-70.

Marchetti G, Lodola E, Licciardello L, Colombo A. Use of N-acetylcysteine in the management of coronary artery diseases. Cardiologia. 1999 Jul;44(7):633-7.

De Mattia G, Bravi MC, Laurenti O, et al. Influence of reduced glutathione infusion on glucose metabolism in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 1998;47(8):993-7.

Pela R, Calcagni AM, Subiaco S, Isidori P, Tubaldi A, Sanguinetti CM. N-acetylcysteine reduces the exacerbation rate in patients with moderate to severe COPD. Respiration. 1999 Nov-Dec;66(6):495-500.

Aw TY, Wierzbicka G, Jones DP. Oral glutathione increases tissue glutathione in vivo. Chem Biol Interact 1991;80(1):89-97.

Rahman Q, Abidi P, Afaq F, Schiffmann D, Mossman BT, Kamp DW, Athar M. Glutathione redox system in oxidative lung injury. Crit Rev Toxicol. 1999 Nov;29(6):543-68.

Marrades RM, Roca J, Barbera JA, et al. Nebulized glutathione induces bronchoconstriction in patients with mild asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;156(2 Pt 1):425-30.

Ruffmann R. Reactive oxygen species in acute lung injury. Eur Respir J. 1998 Dec;12(6):1486.

Smyth JF, Bowman A, Perren T, et al. Glutathione reduces the toxicity and improves quality of life of women diagnosed with ovarian cancer treated with cisplatin: results of a double-blind, randomised trial. Ann Oncol 1997;8(6):569-73.

Samiec PS, Drews-Botsch C, Flagg EW, et al. Glutathione in human plasma: decline in association with aging, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetes. Free Radic Biol Med 1998;24(5):699-704.

Lomaestro BM, Malone M. Glutathione in health and disease: pharmacotherapeutic issues. Ann Pharmocother 1995; 29(12):1263-73.

Droge W. Cysteine and glutathione in catabolic conditions and immunological dysfunction. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 1999 May;2(3):227-3

13. Ingredient Name: L-Glycine

Aragon C, Lopez-Corcuera B., Structure, function and regulation of glycine neurotransporters. Eur J Pharmacol. 2003 Oct 31;479(1-3):249-62.

Javitt DC, Zylberman I, Zukin SR, et al. Amelioration of negative symptoms in schizophrenia by glycine. Am J Psychiatry 1994;151:1234-6.

Sumiyoshi T, Anil AE, Jin D, Jayathilake K, Lee M, Meltzer HY., Plasma glycine and serine levels in schizophrenia compared to normal controls and major depression: relation to negative symptoms. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2004 Mar;7(1):1-8. Epub 2004 Jan 13.

Heresco-Levy U, Javitt DC, Ermilov M, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of glycine adjuvant therapy for treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 1996;169:610-7.

Thurman RG, Zhong Z, von Frankenberg M, et al. Prevention of cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity with dietary glycine. Transplantation 1997;63:1661-7.

Yin M, Ikejima K, Arteel GE, Seabra V, et al. Glycine accelerates recovery from alcohol-induced liver injury. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1998;286:1014-9.

Wu G, Fang YZ, Yang S, Lupton JR, Turner ND., Glutathione Metabolism and Its Implications for Health. J Nutr. 2004 Mar;134(3):489-492.

Rose ML, Madren J, Bunzendahl H, Thurman RG. Dietary glycine inhibits the growth of B16 melanoma tumors in mice. Carcinogenesis 1999;20:793-8.

Javitt DC, Silipo G, Cienfuegos A, Shelley AM, Bark N, Park M, Lindenmayer JP, Suckow R, Zukin SR., Adjunctive high-dose glycine in the treatment of schizophrenia. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2001 Dec;4(4):385-91.

14. Ingredient Name: L-Threonine references:

Sugiyama M, Imai A, Furui T, Tamaya T., Membrane-associated serine/threonine protein phosphatase in endometrial cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Dec;189(6):1666-9.

Waas WF, Rainey MA, Szafranska AE, Cox K, Dalby KN., A kinetic approach towards understanding substrate interactions and the catalytic mechanism of the serine/threonine protein kinase ERK2: identifying a potential regulatory role for divalent magnesium. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2004 Mar 11;1697(1-2):81-7.

15. Ingredient Name: L-Serine references:

Mori K, Yokoyama A, Yang L, Yang L, Maeda N, Mitsuda N, Tanaka J., L-serine-mediated release of apolipoprotein E and lipids from microglial cells.

Le Marchand-Brustel Y, Gual P, Gremeaux T, Gonzalez T, Barres R, Tanti JF., Fatty acid-induced insulin resistance: role of insulin receptor substrate 1 serine phosphorylation in the retroregulation of insulin signalling.

Davis SR, Stacpoole PW, Williamson J, Kick LS, Quinlivan EP, Coats BS, Shane B, Bailey LB, Gregory JF 3rd., Tracer-derived total and folate-dependent homocysteine remethylation and synthesis rates in humans indicate that serine is the main one-carbon donor. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2004 Feb;286(2):E272-9. Epub 2003 Oct 14.

Cuskelly GJ, Stacpoole PW, Williamson J, Baumgartner TG, Gregory JF 3rd., Deficiencies of folate and vitamin B(6) exert distinct effects on homocysteine, serine, and methionine kinetics. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Dec;281(6):E1182-90.

Gregory JF 3rd, Cuskelly GJ, Shane B, Toth JP, Baumgartner TG, Stacpoole PW., Primed, constant infusion with [2H3]serine allows in vivo kinetic measurement of serine turnover, homocysteine remethylation, and transsulfuration processes in human one-carbon metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Dec;72(6):1535-41.

Fountain WC, Requena JR, Jenkins AJ, Lyons TJ, Smyth B, Baynes JW, Thorpe SR., Quantification of N-(glucitol)ethanolamine and N-(carboxymethyl)serine: two products of nonenzymatic modification of aminophospholipids formed in vivo. Anal Biochem. 1999 Jul 15;272(1):48-55.

White RH., Proton exchange on carbons 2 and 3 of serine during their conversion into methyl groups of methionine and thymine in Escherichia coli. Biochemistry. 1983 Apr 12;22(8):1883-8.

16. Ingredient Name: Vitamin C references:

Levine M, Rumsey SC, Daruwala R, Park JB, Wang Y., Criteria and recommendations for vitamin C intake. JAMA. 1999 Apr 21;281(15):1415-23.

Carr AC, Frei B. Toward a new recommended dietary allowance for vitamin C based on antioxidant and health effects in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69(6):1086-1107.

Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Vitamin C. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press; 2000:95-185.

Tribble DL. AHA Science Advisory. Antioxidant consumption and risk of coronary heart disease: emphasis on vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta-carotene: A statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation 1999;99:591-5.

Kromhout D. Essential micronutrients in relation to carcinogenesis. Am J Clin Nutr. 1987;45(5 Suppl):1361-1367.

Jacques PF, Chylack LT, Jr., Hankinson SE, et al. Long-term nutrient intake and early age-related nuclear lens opacities. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001;119(7):1009-1019.

Simon JA, Hudes ES. Relation of ascorbic acid to bone mineral density and self-reported fractures among US adults. Am J Epidemiol 2001;154:427-33.

A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E and beta carotene for age-related cataract and vision loss: AREDS report no. 9. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001;119(10):1439-1452.

Laurin D, Foley DJ, Masaki KH, et al. Vitamin E and C supplements and risk of dementia. JAMA 2002;288:2266-8.

Simon JA, Hudes ES. Relationship of ascorbic acid to blood lead levels. JAMA. 1999;281(24):2289-2293.

Halperin EC, Gaspar L, George S, et al. A double-blind, randomized, prospective trial to evaluate topical vitamin C solution for the prevention of radiation dermatitis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1993;26:413-6.

Duffy SJ, Gokce N, Holbrook M, et al. Treatment of hypertension with ascorbic acid. Lancet 1999;354:2048-9.

Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Hernan MA, et al. Relation of consumption of vitamin E, vitamin C, and carotenoids to risk for stroke among men in the United States. Ann Intern Med 1999;130:963-70.

Keli SO, Hertog MG, Feskens EJ, Kromhout D. Dietary flavonoids, antioxidant vitamins, and incidence of stroke: the Zutphen study. Arch Intern Med 1996;156:637-42.

Cameron E, Pauling L. Supplemental ascorbate in the supportive treatment of cancer: Prolongation of survival times in terminal human cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1976;73(10):3685-3689.

Zhang S, Hunter DJ, Forman MR, et al. Dietary carotenoids and vitamins A, C, and E and risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999;91:547-56.

Will JC, Byers T. Does diabetes mellitus increase the requirement for vitamin C? Nutr Rev. 1996;54(7):193-202.

Kaufmann PA, Gnecchi-Ruscone T, di Terlizzi M, et al. Coronary heart disease in smokers: vitamin C restores coronary microcirculatory function. Circulation 2000;102:1233-8.

Losonczy KG, Harris TB, Havlik RJ. Vitamin E and vitamin C supplement use and risk of all-cause and coronary heart disease mortality in older persons:epidemiologic studies of the elderly. Am J Clin Nutr 1996;64:190-6.

17. Ingredient Name: Vitamin B-6

Leklem JE. Vitamin B-6. In: Shils M, Olson JA, Shike M, Ross AC, eds. Nutrition in Health and Disease. 9th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1999:413-421.

Yates AA, Schlicker SA, Suitor CW. Dietary reference intakes: The new basis for recommendations for calcium and related nutrients, B vitamins, and choline. J Am Diet Assoc 1998;98:699-706.

Bender DA. Novel functions of vitamin B6. Proc Nutr Soc 1994; 53:625-30.

Delport R, Ubbink JB, Serfontein WJ, et al. Vitamin B6 nutritional status in asthma. The effect of theophylline therapy on plasma pyridoxal-5-phosphate and pyridoxal levels. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1988;58:67-72.

Selhub J, Bagley LC, Miller J, Rosenberg IH. B vitamins, homocysteine, and neurocognitive function in the elderly. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71(2):614S-620S.

Mayer EL, Jacobsen DW, Robinson K. Homocysteine and coronary atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;27:517-27.

Selhub J, Jacques PF, Bosotm AG, et al. Relationship between plasma homocysteine and vitamin status in the Framingham study population. Impact of folic acid fortification. Publ Health Rev 2000;28:117-45.

Riggs KM, Spiro A, 3rd, Tucker K, Rush D. Relations of vitamin B-12, vitamin B-6, folate, and homocysteine to cognitive performance in the Normative Aging Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996;63(3):306-314.

Chandra R and Sudhakaran L. Regulation of immune responses by Vitamin B6. NY Acad Sci 1990; 585:404-423.
Rimm EB, Willett WC, Hu FB, et al. Folate and vitamin B6 from diet and supplements in relation to risk of coronary heart disease among women. JAMA. 1998;279(5):359-364.

Voutilainen S, Lakka TA, Porkkala-Sarataho E, et al. Low serum folate concentrations are associated with an excess incidence of acute coronary events: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2000;54:424-8.

Shibata K, Mushiage M, Kondo T, Hayakawa T, Tsuge H. Effects of vitamin B6 deficiency on the conversion ratio of tryptophan to niacin. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 1995; 59:2060-3.

Sur S, Camara M, Buchmeier A, et al. Double-blind trial of pyridoxine (vitamin B6) in the treatment of steroid-dependent asthma. Ann Allergy 1993;70:147-52.

Lewis PJ. Pain in the hand and wrist. Pyridoxine supplements may help patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. BMJ 1995;310:1534.

Stransky M, Rubin A, Lava NS, Lazaro RP. Treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome with vitamin B6: a double-blind study. South Med J 1989;82:841-2.

Ubbink JB, Vermaak WJ, van der Merwe A, Becker PJ, Delport R, Potgieter HC. Vitamin requirements for the treatment of hyperhomocysteinemia in humans. J Nutr. 1994;124(10):1927-1933.

Sahakian V, Rouse D, Sipes S, et al. Vitamin B6 is effective therapy for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Obstet Gynecol 1991;78(1):33-6.

Bernstein AL. Vitamin B6 in clinical neurology. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1990;585:250-60.

18. Ingredient Name: Chromium (as Chromium Picolinate) references:

Anderson, R. A., Cheng, N., Bryden, N. A., Polansky, M. M., Cheng, N., Chi, J. & Feng, J. (1997) Elevated intakes of supplemental chromium improve glucose and insulin variables in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 46: 1786-1791.

Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Chromium. Dietary reference intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press; 2001:197-223.

Kobla HV, Volpe SL. Chromium, exercise, and body composition. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2000;40(4):291-308.

Lee NA, Reasner CA. Beneficial effect of chromium supplementation on serum triglyceride levels in NIDDM. Diabetes Care, 1994;17(12):1449-52.

Vincent JB. Elucidating a biological role for chromium at a molecular level. Acc Chem Res. 2000;33(7):503-510.

Fox GN, Sabovic Z. Chromium picolinate supplementation for diabetes mellitus. J Fam Pract 1998 Jan;46(1):83-6.

Lukaski HC, Bolonchuk WW, Siders WA, Milne DB. Chromium supplementation and resistance training: effects on body composition, strength, and trace element status of men. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996;63(6):954-965.

Althius MD, Jordon NE, Ludington EA, Wittes JT. Glucose and insulin responses to dietary chromium supplements: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76:148-55.

Jovanovic-Peterson L, Peterson CM. Vitamin and mineral deficiencies which may predispose to glucose intolerance of pregnancy. J Am Coll Nutr. 1996;15(1):14-20.

Anderson RA. Chromium, glucose intolerance and diabetes. J Am Coll Nutr 1998;17:548-55.

Davidson JR, Abraham K, Connor KM, McLeod MN. Effectiveness of chromium in atypical depression: a placebo-controlled trial. Biol Psychiatry 2003;53:261-4.

19. Ingredient Name: 5 Hydoxytryptophan

5-hydroxytryptophan. Altern Med Rev. 1998 Jun;3(3):224-6.

Birdsall TC. 5-Hydroxytryptophan: a clinically-effective serotonin precursor. Altern Med Rev. 1998 Aug;3(4):271-80.

Juhl JH. Fibromyalgia and the serotonin pathway. Altern Med Rev. 1998 Oct;3(5):367-75.

Nicolodi M, Sicuteri F. Fibromyalgia and migraine, two faces of the same mechanism. Serotonin as the common clue for pathogenesis and therapy. Adv Exp Med Biol 1996;398:373-9.

Meyers S. Use of neurotransmitter precursors for treatment of depression. Altern Med Rev. 2000 Feb;5(1):64-71.

Shaw K, Turner J, Del Mar C. Tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan for depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002;1:CD003198.

Kahn RS, Westenberg HGM. L-5-hydroxytryptophan in the treatment of anxiety disorders. J Affect Disord 1985;8:197-200.

Cangiano C, Laviano A, Del Ben M, Preziosa I, Angelico F, Cascino A, Rossi-Fanelli F. Effects of oral 5-hydroxy-tryptophan on energy intake and macronutrient selection in non-insulin dependent diabetic patients. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1998 Jul;22(7):648-54.

Puttini PS, Caruso I. Primary fibromyalgia syndrome and 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan: a 90-day open study. J Int Med Res 1992;20(2):182-9.

Caruso I, Sarzi Puttini P, Cazzola M, Azzolini V. Double-blind study of 5-hydroxytryptophan versus placebo in the treatment of primary fibromyalgia syndrome. J Int Med Res 1990;18:201-9.

Beckmann H, Kasper S. Serotonin precursors as antidepressive agents: a review. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr. 1983 May;51(5):176-82.

van Praag HM. Management of depression with serotonin precursors. Biol Psychiatry. 1981 Mar;16(3):291-310.

Yamada J, Ujikawa M, Sugimoto Y. Serum leptin levels after central and systemic injection of a serotonin precursor, 5-hydroxytryptophan, in mice. Eur J Pharmacol. 2000 Oct 6;406(1):159-162.

Ribeiro CA. L-5-Hydroxytryptophan in the prophylaxis of chronic tension-type headache: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Headache 2000;40:451-6.

Fernstrom JD. Dietary effects on brain serotonin synthesis: relationship to appetite regulation. Am J Clin Nutr. 1985 Nov;42(5 Suppl):1072-82.

Nakajima T, Kudo Y, Kaneko Z. Clinical evaluation of 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan as an antidepressant drug. Folia Psychiatr Neurol Jpn 1978;32(2):223-30.

20. Ingredient Name: Alpha Ketoglutaric Acid

Marconi C, Sassi G, Cerretelli P., The effect of an alpha-ketoglutarate-pyridoxine complex on human maximal aerobic and anaerobic performance. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1982;49(3):307-17.

Jeppsson A, Ekroth R, Friberg P, et al. Renal effects of alpha-ketoglutarate early after coronary operations. Ann Thorac Surg 1998;65(3):684-90.

Kjellman UW, Bjork K, Ekroth R, et al. Addition of alpha-ketoglutarate to blood cardioplegia improves cardioprotection. Ann Thorac Surg 1997;63(6):1625-33.

Rasmussen UF, Krustrup P, Bangsbo J, Rasmussen HN., The effect of high-intensity exhaustive exercise studied in isolated mitochondria from human skeletal muscle. Pflugers Arch. 2001 Nov;443(2):180-7.

Blomqvist BI, Hammarqvist F, von der Decken A, et al. Glutamine and alpha-ketoglutarate prevent the decrease in muscle free glutamine concentration and influence protein synthesis after total hip replacement. Metabolism 1995;44(9):1215-22.

Riedel E, Nundel M, Hampl H. Alpha-Ketoglutarate application in hemodialysis patients improves amino acid metabolism. Nephron 1996;74(2):261-5.

Riedel E, Hampl H, Steudle V, Nundel M., Calcium alpha-ketoglutarate administration to malnourished hemodialysis patients improves plasma arginine concentrations. Miner Electrolyte Metab. 1996;22(1-3):119-22.

Aussel C, Coudray-Lucas C, Lasnier E, et al. Alpha-Ketoglutarate uptake in human fibroblasts. Cell Biol Int 1996;20(5):359-63.